Jurnal Menara Pengabmas (JMP) provides direct open access to its content on the principle that making the results of community service activities and applied research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. JMP is an open-access journal which means that all content is freely available free of charge to users or institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link full-text articles in this journal without first requesting permission from the publisher or author.